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String section
The string section is the largest body of the standard Classical orchestra. It normally consists of the first violins, the second violins, the violas, the cellos, and the double basses (or basses). In discussions of the instrumentation of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a string orchestra. Smaller string sections are used in jazz, pop and rock music arrangements.
==Seating arrangement==
The most common seating arrangement is with first violins, second violins, violas and cellos clockwise around the conductor, with basses behind the cellos on the right.〔''Stanley Sadie's Music Guide'', p. 56 (Prentice-Hall 1986). Nicolas Slonimsky described the cellos-on-the-right arrangement as part of a 20th-century "sea change" (''Lectionary of Music'', p. 342 (McGraw-Hill 1989).〕 In the 19th century it was standard〔 (1948). "Orchestra" in ''Encyclopedia Americana'', .〕 to have the first and second violins on opposite sides (violin I, cello, viola, violin II), rendering obvious the crossing of their parts in, for example, the opening of the finale to Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony.
If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left (thus facing the audience) and winds to the right; this is the usual arrangement in orchestra pits.〔Gassner, "Dirigent und Ripienist" (Karlsruhe 1844). Rousseau's ''Dictionnaire de musique'' (1768), however, has a figure showing second violins facing the audience and firsts facing the singers, reflecting the concertmaster's former role as conductor.〕 The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in Béla Bartók's ''Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta'', which uses antiphonal string sections, one on each side of the stage.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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